TREATY OF PEACE, SIGNED AT MECCANEZ (MEKNES OR MEQQBINEZ) SEPTEMBER 16, 1836 (3 JUMADA II, A.H. :1252). ORIGINAL IN ARABIC.

Moorish National Republic Federal Government

 ~ Societas Republicae Ea Al Maurikanos ~ 

Moorish Divine and National Movement of the World Northwest Amexem / Northwest Africa / North America / 'The North Gate'

 ~ Temple of the Moon and Sun ~ 

The True and De Jure Natural Peoples – Heirs of the Land

 ~ I.S.L.A.M. ~ 

18 Dhu al-Hijjah 1438 [18 December 2018]

Exhibit B: Universal Postal Union Tracking Number: 7015 0640 0003 4323 1560; 1577; 1584

To all ‘Officials’ and ‘Public Servants’ of the FEDERAL, STATE and CITY / COUNTY MUNICIPAL and CIVIL LAWS and CODES ON THE LAND:

International Affidavit of Right to Travel Covenant, Estoppel, Execution, and Lien : In Rem

 - Reversion of Estate -  We the living, sentient men and women and rightful Heirs are not lost at sea; and ‘We Affirm, Declare and Reclaim our Right of Reversion of ‘Estate’ and therefore we make no claim with respect to the titles and misrepresented, CAPITALIZED (names/ Man-of-Straw, nom de guerre being presented as a title) and we surrender and assign any and all ‘Reversionary Interest’ to the foreign, privately-owned, United States and subsidiaries for full ‘Acquittance Discharge Settlement’ and ‘Closure’ of our reliance, Title 12 USC 95a, Part 2; and we assume no liabilities and or debts however contrived among its corporate associates; and we do not consent to stand as ‘Surety’ for the foreign, private, and for-profit UNITED STATES INCORPORATED/U.S. Corporation company entity owners, directors or their administrators, nor do we stand as ‘Surety’ for its associates at any point, or moment in time. Notice to Principal is Notice to Agent. Notice to Agent is Notice to Principal. We are the Moorish National Republic Federal Government, Moorish American Consulate, Nobles, Aboriginal, Autochthonous, Indigenous, Sui Juris, Sui Hæredes, in Propria Persona, in Solo Proprio, Jus Sanguine, Heirs Unconditional, True Beneficiaries, Successors and True Possessors of the present-day Moroccan Empire, with our Canaanite, Hittite, and Amorite brethren who sojourned from the land of Canaan seeking new homes. Our dominion and inhabitation extended from North-East and South-West Africa, across the great Atlantis even unto the present North, South, and Central America, Mexico and the Atlantis Islands; before the great earthquake, which caused the great Atlantic Ocean. Comes now, and make known our Inalienable, Unalienable Birthrights, secured by the Constitution for the united States of America 1791 and the Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1786/1836 still in force, which protects from ‘CORPORATE INFRINGEMENT’ by any and all ‘PUBLIC SERVANTS’. We Rebut, Refute, Denounce, Make Void and Rescind our Signatures on the Fraudulent Tripartite1 exchange, misrepresented adhesion inducement contract, between persons doing business as THE STATE OF/COMMON WEALTH, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THE MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE the POLICY ENFORCERS, and SUBSIDIARY BUSINESS CORPORATIONS to which all have interest in this matter. The DRIVERS LICENSE INSTRUMENT is Proof of Treason, a Breach of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1786/1836 still in force and the Constitution for the united States of America 1791, Human Trafficking, Denationalization, Identity Theft, Deprivation of Rights, Extortion, Malfeasance of Office, Misprision, Racketeering, and Genocide. The DRIVERS LICENSE INSTRUMENT has been used to Hypothecate and Escheat the birthrights of the Moorish American Nationals, true heirs to the Land, through overt and fraudulent actions with In Rem/Mens Rea2 and confessions in open Court by All PUBLIC OFFICIALS, PUBLIC SERVANTS, and PRIVATE CONTRACTORS doing business with All persons claiming to be PUBLIC OFFICIALS. The STATE OF is a private for profit, religious corporation created by the Deputy Knights for the Popes of Rome in 1933, which colludes with its Co-Conspirators which are the members that comprises the CROWN (ATTORNEYS, LAWYERS, and BANKERS) demanding excise/ad valorem/pondus taxes from the heirs to the land in which we are non-obligatory. This hypothecation3 instrument has corrupted our Bloodline and Pedigree from its very inception, which has aided in the Genocide of our Nation, all of which is High Treason and Prohibited by the Constitution for the united States of America 1791, Article 3 Section 34 committed by all its Creators, Promoters, Legislatures, and Enforcers. The Secured birthrights of the Moorish American Nationals to travel have been converted into a crime and a privilege which is a violation of Divine Law, Positive Law, Natures Law, International Law, and Constitutional Law. The Constitution for the united States of America 1791 deals with issues relating to ‘Common Law’ (interactions between the people to which there must be an injured party), ‘Equity Law’ (contracts), and ‘Admiral and Maritime Law’ (sea) all to which “TRAFFIC” is not ‘Common Law’ because there is no injured party, “TRAFFIC” is not ‘Equity Law’ because there is no contract with fully disclosed terms and agreements and nothing offered of ‘Equal Value’, and “TRAFFIC” is not ‘Admiralty and Maritime Law’ because Moorish American Nationals are traveling upon their Estate (Land). The Moorish American Nationals are flesh and blood beings and cannot enter into a contract with a CORPORATE FICTITOUS5 ENTITY. Stare Decisis 1. The Right to Travel; The Right to Mode of Conveyance; The Right to Locomotion are all absolute rights, and the Police cannot make void the exercise of rights. State v. Armstead, 60 s. 778, 779, and 781: 2. The use of the highways for the purpose of travel and transportation is not a mere privilege, but a common and fundamental right of which the public and Natural Beings cannot be rightfully deprived. Chicago Motor Coach v. Chicago 337 Illinois 200, 169 NE 22, ALR, Ligare v. Chicago 139 ILL. 46, 28 HE 934, Boone v. Clark 214 SW 607, 25 AM jur (1st), Highways, sec. 163: 3. The right to Park or Travel is part of the Liberty of which the Natural Person, citizen cannot be deprived without “due process of law” under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Kent v. Dulles 357 US 116, 125: 4. The Right of a citizen to Travel upon the public highways and to transport one’s property thereon, either by carriage or automobile, is not a mere privilege, which a City may prohibit or permit at will, but a common right, which he / she has under the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Thompson v. Smith 154 SE 579: 5. State Police Power extends only to immediate threats to public safety, health, welfare, etc., Michigan v. Duke 266 US, 476 Led. At 449: which driving and speeding are not. California v. Farley Ced. Rpt. 89, 20 CA3d 1032 (1971): 6. The State is prohibited from violating substantive rights. Owens v. City, 445 US 662 (1980); and it can not do by one power (eg. Police power) that which is, for example, prohibited expressly to any other such power (eg. Taxation / Eminent Domain) as a matter of law. US and UT v. Daniels, 22 p 159, nor indirectly that which is prohibited to it directly. Fairbanks v. US 181, US 283, 294, 300: 7. Traveling in an automobile on the public roads was not a threat to the public safety or health and constituted no hazard to the public, and such a traveler owed nothing more than “due care” (as regards to tort for negligence) to the public and the owner owed no other duty to the public (eg. State), he / she and his / her auto, having equal rights to and on the roadways / highways as horses and wagons, etc.; this same right is still substantive rule, in that speeding, running stop signs, traveling without license plates, or registration are not threats to the public safety, and thus, are not arrestable offenses. Christy v. Elliot, 216 I 131, 74 HE 1035, LRA NS 1905 – 1910: California v. Farley 98 CED Rpt. 89, 20 CA 3d 1032 (1971). 8. Under The United States Republic’s Constitutional system of Government and upon the individuality and intelligence of the citizen, the state does not claim to control one’s conduct to others, leaving one the sole judge as to all that affects oneself. Mugler v. Kansas 123 US 623, 659 – 60: 9. Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rule-making or legislation, which would abrogate them. Miranda v. Arizona 384 US 436, 125: 10. The claim and exercise of Constitutional Rights cannot be converted into a crime. Miller v. Kansas 230 F 2nd 486, 489: 11. For a crime to exist, there must be an injured party (Corpus Delicti) There can be no sanction or penalty imposed on one because of this Constitutional right. Sherer v. Cullen 481 F. 945: 12. If any Tribunal (court) finds absence of proof of jurisdiction over a person and subject matter, the case must be dismissed. Louisville v. Motley 2111 US 149, 29S. CT 42. “The Accuser Bears the Burden of Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt”.

13. “Lack of Federal Jurisdiction cannot be waived or overcome by agreement of parties”. Griffin v. Matthews, 310 F supra 341, 342 (1969): and “Want of Jurisdiction may not be cured by consent of parties.” Industrial Addition Association v. C.I.R., 323 US 310, 313. All PERSONS doing business as ADMINISTRATORS, AGENTS, FEOFFERS, REPRESENTATIVES, STATE CORPORATIONS/ STATE AGENCIES/ GOVERNMENT AGENCIES have colluded6 to convert ‘We The Peoples’ Hereditaments, Corporeal and Incorporeal and ourselves as ‘Collateral’ for the benefit of the foreign private for profit colonizers CORPORATIONS. There have not been any Laws enacted since the Adjournment of Congress Sine Die in 1861 by the ‘Lawful Legislature’. The STATUTES drafted by the DEFACTO CONGRESS of the UNITED STATES “SERVICE” CORPORATION have been forced upon the Moorish American Nationals for Usury7 . The Moorish American Nationals are the living breathing sentient flesh and blood beings and are not CORPORATIONS, JOINT STOCK COMPANIES, or ASSOCIATIONS and are not obligated to the excise / ad valorem8 /pondus taxes. Moorish American Nationals do not stand as surety9 for these injurious, birthrights escheating instruments being sui hæredes. Based on your former fiduciary duties, responsibilities, and obligations you, UNITED STATES SERVICE CORPORATION, were to be ‘Servants10’ to the people, to which you could not make any contract that supersedes the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution for the united States of America 1791 Article VI “All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the Land; and the judges of every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.” Accrued/ Accruing Debts From Prior Contracts: Articles of Association of 1774 – The avowing11 of your allegiance to your majesties (Moorish National Republic Federal Government) Articles of Confederation of 1781-1788- Article XI “ Canada acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of this union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by the nine states.” Articles of Confederation of 1781-1788- Article XII “All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.” Declaration of Independence of 1776 – The pledge of your Lives, Fortunes, and sacred Honor. The Articles of Confederation 1781-1788 Article IV “the people of each State shall enjoy free ingress and regress to and from any other State.” The ingress, egress, and regress are secured by the Supreme Law of the 

Land to the people. All TOLLS, DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES/ MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATIONS, REGISTRATION, PARKING METERS, and SPEEDING CAMERAS are prohibited and dissolved by the Moorish National Republic Federal Government, Moorish American Consulate, and the De Jure American People at Northwest Amexem, Northwest Africa, North America, The North Gate. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations supports the birthrights to travel as stated in, Article 5 Consular Functions section (d) states “issuing passports and travel documents to nationals of the sending State, visas or appropriate documents to persons wishing to travel to the sending State; section (k) exercising rights of supervision and inspection provided for in the laws and regulations of the sending State in respect of vessels having the nationality of the sending State, and of aircraft registered in that State, and in respect of their crews. Article 31 section (4) The consular premises, their furnishings, the property of the consular post and its means of transport shall be immune from any form or requisition for purposes of national defense or public utility. If expropriation is necessary for such purposes, all possible steps shall be taken to avoid impeding the performance of consular functions, and prompt, adequate and effective compensation shall be paid to the sending State. Article 34 Freedom of movement states, “Subject to its laws and regulations concerning zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security, the receiving State shall ensure freedom of movement and travel in its territory to all members of the consular post. Therefore, all PERSONS doing business as MAYOR, GOVERNOR, HOUSE OF REPRESENATITIVE, SENATOR, ATTORNEY GENERAL, SECRETARY OF STATE, TREASURER, SHERIFF, BAILIFF, MARSHALL, CORONER, COUNTY COMMISSIONER, CHIEF MAGISTRATE, STATE PROSECUTOR, ATTORNEY, CLERK and all other subordinate SUBSIDIARIES including but not limited to the PRIVATE CONTRACTORS , POLICY ENFORCERS (POLICE DEPARTMENT CORPORATIONS) are hereby charged with High Treason, Acts of War, Fraud, Denationalization, Identity Theft, Human Trafficking, Malfeasance of Office, Misprision, Grand Larceny, Misappropriation of Funds, Deprivation of Rights, Deliberate Torts, Threat , Coercion, Kidnapping, Unlawful Searches and Seizures, Denial of Due Process, Denial of Fair and Speedy and Public Trial , Denial of Life, Liberty, and Property, Denial of a Jury of our Own Free National Peers, Denial to Post Bail, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Libel12 on your Case Searches, Slander on your News Media/Press, Crimes against Law of Nations and Genocide as stated in The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Article 1 – The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish. Article 2- In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, as such:

• (a) Killing members of the group;

• (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

• (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

• (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

• (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Article 3 - The following acts shall be punishable: • (a) Genocide;

• (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; 

(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

• (d) Attempt to commit genocide

• (e) Complicity in genocide Article 4 - Persons committing genocide or any of the acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials, or private individuals. Article 6 - Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.

Prohibited by the Constitution

• Bills of Attainder are unconstitutional as stated in Article 1 Section 9.

• No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state as stated in Article 1 Section 9. The Ad Valorem /Pondus taxes imposed and forced upon the Nationals Directly and Indirectly by Highwaymen13 (POLICE/CORPORATE SECURITY) and acting SENATORS is Unconstitutional, Unlawful, and Illegal. The Ad Valorem /Pondus Taxes imposed upon the natural peoples and used to extort finances from them by way of Railroading (Unlawful Traffic Stops) for CORPORATE IDENTIFICATION PLATES and forcing an Unlawful Bill of Attainder14/Traffic Ticket/Citation15/Suit on the Natural Peoples, then converting the negotiable instrument into a Bid Bond for further injurious intentions and actions are ‘Commanded to Cease and Desist Immediately, by the Moorish National Republic Federal Government, Moorish American Consulate and the Moorish American Nationals. All Rights ‘Inalienable’, ‘Unalienable’, and ‘Peripheral’ are claimed, reserved, and exercised ‘Perpetually’, at this time in ‘Perpetuity’. All Claims of Abandonment, Tacit Acquiescence, and Waivers are Rebutted, Refuted, and made Void by the Moorish National Republic Federal Government, Moorish American Consulate and Moorish American Nationals in ‘Perpetuity’. Receipts for transfers of goods for all Conveyances, to which the conveyances were built from Our Estate are evidence of Treason, Fraud, and Racketeering. The Title of Origin16 and/or Manufacturers Titles are hereby Reconveyed to the Private International “Imperial Moorish American Consulate Trust” which ‘Declaration of Trust can be found and downloaded from the website www.MoorishAmericanConsulate.org17, Document Number MACN-R111111111 for All Moorish American Nationals. The natural person holding the position as Attorney General of the several states is hereby ‘Commanded once ‘Requested in writing, by email, phone or fax to return the ‘Title of Origin and/or Manufacturers Title to the Moorish American National within three business days of receipt of the Affidavit. Caveat The Moorish National Republic Federal Government, The Moorish American Consulate, Moorish Nationals, and any other Moorish Tribe, Association, or Organization bearing the Titles of Nobility El, Bey, Dey, Al, and Ali are Not For Hire, Do Not Consent to Stand as Surety, and Do not Consent to Inducements to Fraud.

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TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP 1787 BETWEEN MOROCCO AND THE UNITED STATES

To all persons to whom these presents shall come or be made knownWHEREAS the United States of America in Congress assembled by their Commission bearing date the twelfth day of May One Thousand, SevenHundred and Eighty-Four thought proper to constitute John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson their Ministers Plenipotentiary, giving to them or a Majority of them full powers to confer, treat & negotiate with the Ambassador, Minister or Commissioner of His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco concerning a Treaty of Amity and Commerce, to make & receive propositions for such Treaty and to conclude and sign the same, transmitting to the United States in Congress assembled for their final Ratification.

And by one other commission bearing date the Eleventh day of March One-Thousand Seven-hundred & Eighty-five did further empower the said Ministers Plenipotentiary or a majority of them, by writing under the hands and Seals to appoint such agent in the said business as they might think proper with authority under the directions and instruction of the said Ministers to commence & prosecute the said Negotiations & Conferences for the said Treaty provided that the said Treaty should be signed by Ministers: And Whereas, We the said John Adams & Thomas Jefferson two of the said Ministers Plenipotentiary (the said Benjamin Franklin being absent) by writing under the Hand and Seal of the said John Adams at London, October fifth, One-thousand Seven-hundred and Eighty-five, & of the said Thomas Jefferson at Paris October the Eleventh of the same year, did appoint Thomas Barclay, Agent in the business aforesaid, giving him the Powers therein, which by the said second commission we were authorized go give, and the said Thomas Barclay in pursuance thereof, bath arranged Articles for a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco & sealed with His Royal Seal, being translated into the language of said United States of America, together with the Attestations thereto annexed are in the following words, To Wit: In the name of Almighty God. This is a Treaty of Peace and Friendship established between us and the United States of America, which is confirmed, and which we have ordered to be written in the Book and sealed with our Royal Seal at our Court of Morocco in the Twenty-Fifth day of the blessed month of Shaban, in the year One-Thousand Two-hundred, trusting in God it will remain permanent.

ARTICLE 1 We declare that both Parties have agreed that this Treaty consisting of twenty five Articles shall be inserted in this Book and delivered to the Honorable Thomas Barclay, the Agent of the United States now at our Court, with whose Approbation it has been made and who is duly authorized on their part, to treat with us concerning all the matters contained therein.

ARTICLE 2 If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation whatever, the other party shall not take a commission from the enemy nor fight under their colors.

ARTICLE 3 If either of the parties shall be at war with any nation whatever and take a prize belonging to that nation, and there shall be found on board subjects or effects belonging to either of the parties, the subjects shall be set at liberty and the effect returned to the owners. And if any goods belonging to any nation, with whom either the parties shall be at war, shall be loaded on vessels belonging to the other party, they shall pass free and unmolested without any attempt being made to take or detain them.

ARTICLE 4 A signal or pass shall be given to all vessels belonging to both parties, by which they are to be known when they meet at sea, and if the commander of a ship of war of either party shall have other ships under his convoy, the Declaration of the commander shall alone be sufficient to exempt any of them from examination.

ARTICLE 5 If either of the parties shall be at war, and shall meet a vessel at sea, belonging to the other, it is agreed that if an examination is to be made, it shall be done by sending a boat with two or three men only, and if any gun shall be bread and injury done without reason, the offending party shall make good all damages.

ARTICLE 6 If any Moor shall bring citizens of the United States or their effects to His Majesty, the citizens shall immediately be set at liberty and the effects restored, and in like manner, if any Moor not a subject of the dominions shall make prize of any of the citizens of America or their effects and bring them into any of the ports of His Majesty, they shall be immediately released, as they will be considered as under His Majesty’s Protection.

ARTICLE 7 If any vessel of either party shall put into a port of the other and have occasion for provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished without any interruption or molestation.

ARTICLE 8 If any vessel of the United States shall meet with a disaster at sea and put into one of our ports to repairs, she shall be at liberty to land and reload her cargo, without paying any duty whatever.

ARTICLE 9 If any Vessel of the Untied States shall be cast on Shore on any Part of our Coasts, she shall remain at the disposition of the Owners and no one shall attempt going near her without their Approbation, as she is then considered particularly under our Protection; and if any Vessel of the United States shall be forced to put in to our Ports, by Stress of weather or otherwise, she shall not be compelled to land her Cargo, but shall remain in tranquility until the Commander shall think proper to proceed on his Voyage. 

ARTICLE 10 If any Vessel of either of the Parties shall have an engagement with a Vessel belonging to any of the Christian Powers within gunshot of the Forts of the other, the Vessel so engaged shall be defended and protected as much as possible until she is in safety; and if any American Vessel shall be cast on shore on the Coast of Wadnoon or any Coast thereabout, the People to her shall be protected, and assisted until by the help of God, they shall be sent to their Country.

ARTICLE 11 If we shall be at War with any Christian Power and any of our Vessels sail from the Ports of the United States, no Vessel belonging to the enemy shall follow until twenty four hours after the Departure of our Vessels; and the same Regulation shall be observed towards the American Vessels sailing from our Ports— be the enemies Moors or Christians.

ARTICLE 12 If any ship of war belonging to the United States shall put into any of our ports, she shall not be examined on any pretense whatever, even though she should have fugitive slaves on board, nor shall the governor or commander of the place compel them to be brought on shore on any pretext, nor require any payment for them.

ARTICLE 13 If a ship of war of either party shall put into a port of the other and salute, it shall be returned from the fort with an equal number of guns, not with more or less.

ARTICLE 14 The commerce with the United States shall be on the same footing as is the commerce with Spain, or as that with the most favored nation for the time being; and their citizens shall be respected and esteemed, and have full liberty to pass and repass our country and seaports whenever they please, without interruption.

ARTICLE 15 Merchants of both countries shall employ only such interpreters, and such other persons to assist them in their business, as they shall think proper. No commander of a vessel shall transport his cargo on board another vessel; he shall not be detained in port longer than he may think proper; and all persons employed in loading or unloading goods, or in any labor whatever, shall be paid at the customary rates, not more and not less.

ARTICLE 16 In case of a war between the parties, the prisoners are not to be made slaves, but to be exchanged one for another, captain for captain, officer for officer, and one private man for another; and if there shall prove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up by the payment of one hundred Mexican dollars for each person wanting. And it is agreed that all prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve months from the time of their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected by a merchant or any other person authorized of by either of the parties. ARTICLE 17 Merchants shall not be compelled to buy or sell any kind of goods but such as they shall think proper; and may buy and sell all sorts of merchandize but such as are prohibited to the other Christian nations.

ARTICLE 18 All goods shall be weighed and examined before they are sent on board , and to avoid all detention of vessels, no examination shall afterwards be made, unless it shall first be proved that contraband goods have been sent on board, in which case, the persons who took the contraband goods on board, shall be punished according to the usage and custom of the country, and no other person whatever shall be injured, nor shall the ship or cargo incur any penalty or damage whatever.

ARTICLE 19 No vessel shall be detained import on any pretense whatever, nor be obliged to take on board on any articles without the consent of the commander, who shall be at full liberty to agree for the freight of any goods he takes on board.

ARTICLE 20 If any of the citizens of the Untied States, or any persons under their protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the consul shall decide between the parties, and whenever the consul shall require any aid or assistance from our government, to enforce his decisions, it shall be immediately granted to him.

ARTICLE 21 If any citizen of the Untied States should kill or wound a Moor, or, on the contrary, if a Moor shall kill or wound a citizen of the United States, the law of the country shall take place, and equal justice shall be rendered, the consul assisting at the trial; and if any delinquent shall make his escape, the consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatever.

ARTICLE 22 If an American citizen shall die in our country, and no will shall appear, the consul shall take possession of hi affects; and if there shall be no consul, the effects shall be deposited in the hands of some person worthy of trust, until the party shall appear, who has right to demand them; but if the heir to the person deceased be present, the property shall be delivered to him without interruptions; and if a will shall appear, the property shall descend agreeable to that will as soon as the consul shall declare the validity thereof.

ARTICLE 23 The consuls of the United States of America, shall reside in any port of our dominions that they shall think proper; and they shall be respected, and enjoy all the privileges which the consuls of any other nation enjoy; and if any of the citizens of the United States shall contract any debts or engagements, the consul shall not be in any manner accountable for them, unless he shall have given a promise in writing for the payment or fulfilling thereof, without which promise in writing, no application to him for any redress shall be made.

ARTICLE 24 If any differences shall arise by either party infringing on any of the articles of this treaty, peace and harmony shall remain notwwithstanding, in the fullest force, until a friendly application shall be made for an arrangement, and until that application shall be rejected, no appeal shall be made to arms. And if a war shall break out between the parties nine months shall be granted to all the subjects of both parties, to dispose of their effects and retire with their property. And it is further declared, that whatever indulgences, in trade or otherwise, shall be granted to any of the Christian Powers, the citizens of the United States shall be equally entitled to them.

ARTICLE 25 This treaty shall continue in full force, with the help of God, for fifty years. We delivered this book into the hands of the before mentioned Thomas Barclay, on the first day of the blessed month of Ramadan, in the year one thousand two hundred. I certify that the annexed is a true copy of the translation made by Isaac Cardoza Nunez, interpreter at Morocco, of the treaty between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States of America.

THOMAS BARCLAY.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION—1777

To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventyseven, and in the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia in the Words following, viz. ‘‘Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusettsbay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia.

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ARTICLE I. The stile of this confederacy shall be ‘‘The United States of America.’’

ARTICLE II. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.

ARTICLE III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever.

ARTICLE IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any State, to any other State of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property of the United States, or either of them. If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall upon demand of the Governor or Executive power, of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offence. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.

ARTICLE V. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State, to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the year. No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind. Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States. In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court, or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

ARTICLE VI. No State without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with any king, prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the courts of France and Spain. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in Congress assembled, for the defence of such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage. No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine otherwise. ARTICLE VII. When land-forces are raised by any State for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment.

ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.

ARTICLE IX. The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article—of sending and receiving ambassadors—entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts. 

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The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as Congress shall direct, shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, ‘‘well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affection or hope of reward:’’ provided also that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdiction as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States. The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States.—fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States.—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated—establishing and regulating post-offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing thro’ the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office— appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States— making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations. The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated ‘‘a Committee of the States’’, and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction—to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted,—to build and equip a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip them in a soldier like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled: but if the United States in Congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same; nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.

ARTICLE X. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.

ARTICLE XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

ARTICLE XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

ARTICLE XIII. Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State. And whereas it has pleased the Great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union. Know ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: and we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we re[s]pectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, and in the third year of the independence of America.2 On the part & behalf of the State of New Hampshire JOSIAH BARTLETT, JOHN WENTWORTH, Junr., August 8th, 1778. On the part and behalf of the State of Massachusetts Bay JOHN HANCOCK, FRANCIS DANA, SAMUEL ADAMS, JAMES LOVELL, ELBRIDGE GERRY, SAMUEL HOLTEN. On the part and behalf of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations WILLIAM ELLERY, JOHN COLLINS. HENRY MARCHANT, On the part and behalf of the State of Connecticut ROGER SHERMAN, TITUS HOSMER, SAMUEL ANDREW ADAMS. HUNTINGTON, OLIVER WOLCOTT, On the part and behalf of the State of New York JAS. DUANE, WM. DUER, FRA. LEWIS, GOUV. MORRIS. On the part and in behalf of the State of New Jersey, Novr. 26, 1778 JNO. WITHERSPOON. NATHL. SCUDDER. On the part and behalf of the State of Pennsylvania  

ROBT. MORRIS, WILLIAM CLINGAN, DANIEL ROBERDEAU, JOSEPH REED, 22d JONA. BAYARD July, 1778. SMITH, On the part & behalf of the State of Delaware THO. M’KEAN, Feby. NICHOLAS VAN DYKE. 12, 1779. JOHN DICKINSON, May 5th, 1779. On the part and behalf of the State of Maryland JOHN HANSON, DANIEL CARROLL, March 1, 1781. Mar. 1, 1781. On the part and behalf of the State of Virginia RICHARD HENRY LEE, JNO. HARVIE, JOHN BANISTER, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT THOMAS ADAMS, LEE. On the part and behalf of the State of No. Carolina JOHN PENN, CORNS. HARNETT, July 21st, 1778. JNO. WILLIAMS. On the part & behalf of the State of South Carolina HENRY LAURENS, RICHD. HUTSON, WILLIAM HENRY THOS. HEYWARD, Junr. DRAYTON, JNO. MATHEWS, On the part & behalf of the State of Georgia JNO. WALTON, 24th EDWD. TELFAIR, July, 1778. EDWD. LANGWORTHY.